Later, the term was racialized after newly arrived Anglo-Americans began to associate créolité, or the quality of being Creole, with racially mixed ancestry. It was not a racial or ethnic identifier it was simply synonymous with "born in the New World," meant to separate native-born people of any ethnic background-white, black, or any mixture thereof-from European immigrants and slaves imported from Africa.
In Louisiana, the term "Creole" was first used to describe people born in Louisiana, who used the term to distinguish themselves from newly arrived immigrants. Criollo people (European diaspora born in the Spanish colonies in the Americas)Ĭreole woman with black servant in New Orleans.The following ethnic groups have been historically characterized as "Creole" peoples: Perhaps due to the range of divergent descriptions and lack of a coherent definition, Norwegian anthropologist Thomas Hylland Eriksen concludes:Ī Creole society, in my understanding, is based wholly or partly on the mass displacement of people who were, often involuntarily, uprooted from their original home, shedding the main features of their social and political organisations on the way, brought into sustained contact with people from other linguistic and cultural areas and obliged to develop, in creative and improvisational ways, new social and cultural forms in the new land, drawing simultaneously on traditions from their respective places of origin and on impulses resulting from the encounter. The Fernandino Creole peoples of Equatorial Guinea are a mix of Afro-Cubans and English-speaking Liberated Africans, while the Americo-Liberians and Sierra Leone Creoles resulted from the intermingling of African Recaptives with Afro-Caribbeans and African Americans. On Réunion, the term Creole applies to all people born on the island, while in South Africa, the blending of East African and Southeast Asian slaves with Dutch settlers, later produced a creolized population. The French-speaking Mauritian and Seychellois Creoles are both either black or racially mixed and Christianized. The Crioulos of black or mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several ethnic groups in Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé e Príncipe, Angola and Mozambique. As a result of these contacts, five major Creole types emerged: Portuguese, black American, Dutch, French and British. Creole communities are found on most African islands and along the continent's coastal regions where indigenous Africans first interacted with Europeans. In Africa, the term Creole refers to any ethnic group formed during the European colonial era, with some mix of African and non-African racial or cultural heritage.
Trilingual signs on Cafe Kreol in Cape Verde.
Creo in english skin#
In French Guiana the term refers to anyone, regardless of skin colour, who has adopted a European way of life, and in neighbouring Suriname, the term refers only to the descendants of enslaved Africans. In Trinidad, the term Creole is used to designate all Trinidadians except those of Asian origin. In the Caribbean, the term broadly refers to all the people, whatever their class or ancestry - African, East Asian, European, Indian - who are part of the culture of the Caribbean. In some Spanish-speaking countries, the word Criollo is used today to describe something local or very typical of a particular Latin American country.
Its use to describe languages started from 1879, while as an adjective, from 1748. In Louisiana, the term Creole has been used since 1792 to represent descendants of black or mixed heritage parents as well as children of French and Spanish descent with no racial mixing. The word Creole has several cognates in other languages, such as criol, crioulo, criollo, creolo, créole, kriolu, kreyol, kreol, kriol, krio, and kriyoyo. Cria derives from criar, meaning "to raise or bring up", itself derived from the Latin creare, meaning "to make, bring forth, produce, beget" - itself the source of the English word "create". The English word creole derives from the French créole, which in turn came from Portuguese crioulo, a diminutive of cria, meaning a person raised in one's house.
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